Unveiling the landscape of HIV self-testing: a systematic literature review

HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a promising strategy to expand testing access, reduce stigma-related barriers, and increase early HIV diagnosis. As global health priorities emphasize early detection and treatment, HIVST offers a transformative approach to reduce undiagnosed infections. This systematic review aimed to: (1) map existing HIVST research; (2) identify theoretical frameworks and quantitative methods used; and (3) highlight research gaps to inform policy and implementation. Following PRISMA guidelines, 37 quantitative studies published between 2011 and 2024 were identified from Scopus. Logistic and Poisson regression were the most commonly used analytic approaches, while theoretical frameworks such as the theory of planned behavior and health belief model were frequently applied. Findings indicate growing attention to vulnerable populations, behavioral outcomes, and implementation challenges. However, reliance on cross-sectional designs, non-representative samples, and self-report biases limit causal inference and generalizability. Future research should adopt more rigorous study designs and focus on linkage to care.