A breathing Universe is consistent
Abstract
Abstract We consider a toy FRW Universe with the exotic topology S 1 × S 3 . We show that for a specific choice of quantum field content, the Friedmann equations arising from semi-classical general relativity are consistent with temporal periodicity as required by the S 1 timelike factor. A straightforward consequence is that entropy reversals occur during each cycle, consistent with Hawking’s proposed connection between the thermodynamic and cosmological arrows of time.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Geophysics and Gravity Measurements
Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Classical and Quantum Gravity
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 105019–105019
- Publication date
- 12 May 2026
- Language
- EN