Numerical optimization of hybrid 2D/3D and tandem perovskite/silicon HTJ solar cells, based on an experimentally validated MAPbI 3 cell: influence of HTL doping and temperature

Abstract In this work, we carry out an in-depth numerical study aimed at optimizing the performance of a 2D/three-dimensional perovskite-based tandem cell. We start from a reference cell fluorine-doped tin oxide/TiO 2 /MAPbI 3 /Spiro-OMeTAD, experimentally validated with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.15%. Replacing MAPbI 3 with perovskite (BA) 2 (MA) 2 Pb 3 I 8 achieves a PCE yield of 18.31%. A comparative analysis of seven hole transport layer materials reveals the potential of PolyTPD, whose optimized doping at 6 × 10 18 cm −3 leads to a yield of 24.41% PCE. The optimized structure is then integrated into a tandem cell with a heterojunction silicon (Si) sub-cell (a-Si:H p-doped/a-Si:H intrinsic/crystalline silicon/a-Si:H intrinsic/a-Si:H n-doped) and a ZnO interlayer. This architecture achieves a PCE of 30.07% at 300 K, with a short-circuit current ( J sc ) of 32.23 mA cm −2 , open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 1.32 V and fill factor of 70.59%. Eventually, the temperature impact on the tandem cell was also investigated, from 265 K up to 360 K, it is shown that the device performance slightly decreases as the temperature increases, leading to 27.29% at 360 K. This confirms the thermal robustness of the proposed architecture and underlines its strong potential for high-efficiency photovoltaic applications.