Measurement of micro-nano photonic power splitters based on representation of forward and adjoint simulations

Abstract Traditional analytical design methods for photonic devices often suffer from high computational complexity, limited analytical solutions, and substantial time requirements, while relying heavily on prior experience and template libraries. Such limitations hinder the flexible realization of non-standard device architectures. In this work, we propose an adjoint-based inverse design strategy to optimize high-efficiency micro-nano photonic power splitters. A 30 × 30 circular-hole array with a Y-shaped configuration was designed on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Iterative optimization yielded a precise 1:1 power-splitting ratio with an additional loss of only 1.12 dB. Simulations indicate favorable optical performance over an approximately 100 nm wavelength range, demonstrating suitability for high-density photonic integrated circuits. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of key design parameters was conducted, and an innovative linear bias mechanism was introduced, enhancing both transmission efficiency and fabrication-oriented implementation. This work demonstrates the potential of inverse design in micro-nano photonic devices, offering a compact and efficient solution for photonic integrated circuits.