Phantom-crossing dark energy and the Ω m tug-of-war

Abstract Recent analyses combining data from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and Type Ia supernovae (SN) have revealed a tentative observational preference for phantom crossing in the dark energy equation of state w . We argue that this preference is a natural consequence of the Ω m tensions that arise when these datasets are individually fit to ΛCDM, specifically because of the ordering Ω m BAP < Ω m CMB < Ω m SN . We show both theoretically and empirically that models with phantom crossing can shift all of these inferred Ω m values toward mutual alignment. In contrast, quintessence theories restricted to w ≥ -1 can alleviate the tensions with SN data but only at the cost of exacerbating the BAO-CMB discrepancy. We therefore conclude that it is the BAO and CMB measurements — not the SN data — that drive the preference for phantom crossing over quintessence in joint analyses. Moreover, we point out that SN data exhibit greater tensions with the other datasets when fit to phantom-crossing models than when fit to quintessence, causing the preference for phantom crossing to be weaker in joint CMB+BAO+SN analyses than in analyses of CMB+BAO data alone.