Quasinormal modes and greybody factors of magnetically charged de Sitter black holes probed by massless external fields in Einstein–Euler–Heisenberg gravity

Abstract This paper investigates the perturbation dynamics of massless scalar and electromagnetic fields on magnetically charged de Sitter black holes within the framework of string-inspired Euler–Heisenberg (EH) gravity. We calculate the quasinormal frequencies (QNFs) and discuss the influences of black hole magnetic charge Q m , the cosmological constant Λ, coupling parameter ϵ and multipole number l on QNFs, emphasizing the relationships between these parameters and quasinormal modes behavior. We find that the results obtained through the asymptotic iteration method are in good agreement with those obtained by the WKB method. Importantly, the Bernstein spectral method is employed as a rigorous cross-check for QNFs in the l = 0 scalar perturbation sector, where the WKB approximation is often unreliable. The greybody factors (GFs) are calculated using WKB method. The effects of the parameters Q m and ϵ on the GF are also studied.