Influencing mechanisms of liquid cooling in the hybrid battery thermal management system coupling PCM and flame retardant material with liquid cooling

Abstract The widespread adoption of electric vehicles is challenged due to thermal safety issues related to lithium-ion batteries. A hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) that integrates phase change material (PCM), flame retardant material (FRM), and liquid cooling is presented in this work to ensure appropriate battery temperature. Yet, the influencing mechanisms of liquid cooling in this novel system are still unclear. This study has systematically analyzed the effect of liquid cooling on the thermal behaviour of the battery module. A parametric study is performed to examine the influences of coolant velocity. The findings could provide valuable insights for researchers in selecting suitable liquid cooling parameters for thermal management system design.