Sustainable fabrication approach for natural fiber composites via hand lay-up

Abstract In this study, we have discussed the process of manufacturing natural fiber reinforced composites (NFRCs) using hand lay-up method, which is one of the most used methods due to its ease of operation, low cost and applicability in small scale industries. The process of mold preparation, fiber layering, resin application, curing, and finishing is described with focus on the ability to tailor the properties of the composite material. Comparative mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers like jute, flax, coir, and hemp are also studied. The review also discusses the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and thermal stability of NFRCs depending on the type of fiber, fiber orientation, and fiber surface treatment. Some of the issues like poor fiber-matrix interface, porosity and voids are described and ways to overcome them like alkali treatment and vacuum assisted methods are also described. The use of NFRCs in automotive, construction, and packaging industries are discussed to show how they are lighter, stronger, and more environmentally friendly than synthetic composites. The future research areas include the development of hybrid composites, biodegradable resin systems, and manufacturing technologies to enhance the NFRCs for industrial applications. This review also highlights the possibility of NFRCs achieving sustainability and functionality in one package, which can provide practical solutions to the reduction of environmental footprint while addressing the various needs of industries.