Spatial mapping of measured tin (sn) metal in the bangka belitung islands using Getis-Ord Gi* and DBSCAN

Abstract Indonesia is one of the largest tin producers in the world, with the main contribution coming from the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Tin mining activities in this region make a significant contribution to the national economy, but on the other hand it causes environmental problems such as the formation of former mining holes (kounder), groundwater pollution, land quality degradation, and disturbed ecosystem balance. Therefore, a spatial study is needed to understand the distribution pattern of lead metal (Sn) content to support more sustainable mining management. This study aims to map the distribution of tin metal content in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province using the Getis-Ord Gi* and DBSCAN methods. The Getis-Ord Gi* method is used to identify hotspots and cold spots, while DBSCAN forms clusters based on density and identifies outlier data. The results of the analysis using the Getis-Ord Gi* method showed that there were hotspots (high concentration) in the Belitung Island area and some in the South Bangka Regency area as well as colspots (low concentration) in the West Bangka Regency area. DBSCAN analysis yielded 20 clusters, 125 points (54.3%) in dense clusters and 105 points (45.7%) as outliers. Dense clusters are mostly found in Bangka, South Bangka, Belitung, and East Belitung Regencies, while in West Bangka the distribution pattern is more loose. A comparison with Getis-Ord Gi* shows that clusters in South Bangka, Belitung, and East Belitung correspond to hotspots, West Bangka to cold spots, while Bangka and Central Bangka are included in the Not Significant zone. This shows a strong relationship between the DBSCAN results and the findings of Getis-Ord Gi* in mapping the spatial pattern of tin distribution in Bangka Belitung.