A Comprehensive Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation for Fire-Wind Interaction Analysis

Abstract Fire-wind interaction is a crucial factor in various fire scenarios, including large-scale wildfires, building fires, and tunnel fires. Understanding the dynamics of fire propagation and smoke dispersion under the influence of wind is essential for the built environment including health and well-being. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations play a pivotal role in analyzing fire behavior in these scenarios. However, the reliability of CFD models depends heavily on proper validation techniques, ensuring that simulated results accurately represent real-world fire-wind interactions. This review aims to systematically explore CFD validation methodologies for fire-wind interaction, comparing different models, validation approaches, and their applicability in various fire scenarios. The discussion focuses on how validation enhances the accuracy and reliability of CFD simulations, enabling their practical application in fire and smoke assessments for the built environment.