Balancing Energy Efficiency and Occupant Well-Being in Human-Centric Smart Buildings: The GEAR Case Study in Singapore

Abstract In the rapidly developing Southeast Asia region, ensuring the sustainability of office buildings requires more than just energy-saving measures. A new standard emphasizes the implementation of “human-centric design” that balances energy efficiency with occupant well-being. However, such individually optimized design cases remain rare. This study reports on “The GEAR,” an office building constructed in Singapore to achieve both energy efficiency and occupant well-being. We examine the energy-saving effects of innovative design methods under tropical climates and evaluate occupant comfort, productivity, and well-being. The GEAR employs a radiant cooling system, uncommon in Singapore, instead of relying on conventional air conditioning systems. Additionally, by combining solar shading, biophilic design, natural ventilation, and optimal control of ceiling fan speeds, we investigated the feasibility of “non-air-conditioned offices” in tropical regions. Energy usage and indoor environmental parameters were continuously monitored, and occupant comfort feedback was collected through online surveys. Furthermore, The GEAR integrates a green-integrated photovoltaic (GIPV) system on its rooftop, which enhances solar energy efficiency while securing green space. These innovative strategies collectively achieved a 40% reduction in energy usage compared to standard office buildings in Singapore, earning the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Super Low Energy certification. Post-occupancy evaluations highlighted high occupant satisfaction, particularly in semi-outdoor workspaces, where the design fostering a connection with nature was highly appreciated.