An Analysis of Rice Farmers’ Income and Its Distribution Based on Land Tenure Status: A Case Study in Kebakkramat District, Karanganyar Regency

Abstract Rice is the primary staple food in Indonesia, yet differences in land tenure status may influence farmers’ income and its distribution. Previous studies have often overlooked statistical comparisons across tenure categories. This study fills that gap by analyzing income disparities and distribution among owner farmers, cash tenants, and share tenants in Kebakkramat Sub-district, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. Data from 90 respondents were collected through snowball sampling and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, Gini ratio, and Lorenz curve. Results showed a significant income difference across tenure groups (p = 0.000), with owner farmers earning the highest average income of IDR 20,789,262 per hectare. The Gini ratios indicated low inequality (0.14 for owners, 0.16 for cash tenants, and 0.19 for share tenants). These findings highlight the influence of tenure status on farmers’ income levels and provide empirical evidence for designing more equitable agricultural policies.