Retrospective Analysis of Risk Factors for Decompression Sickness (DCS) Among Commercial Divers in Indonesia: Implications for Marine Environment Health

Abstract This study aims to identify the risk factors contributing to the occurrence of Decompression Sickness (DCS), a condition that arises when pressurized gas (typically nitrogen) comes out of solution in body tissues and forms bubbles that obstruct circulation. Individual risk factors include dehydration, patent foramen ovale, previous injuries, cold environments, high body fat, and alcohol consumption. As a maritime nation, Indonesia hosts numerous water-based activities, making marine environment health and diver safety critical concerns. Despite widespread education about DCS, cases still frequently occur—especially among senior divers. This retrospective observational study reviewed medical records of divers treated at Lakesla from January to December 2024. A total of eleven male divers were diagnosed with DCS, with the highest number of cases in July. Most patients were aged 30 to 40 and had 5 to 10 years of diving experience. The leading risk factor was excessive diving frequency beyond safe limits. Commercial divers accounted for 90% of the cases, with the rest being recreational. Regarding outcomes, three divers fully recovered, five had partial recovery, and one showed no improvement. These findings highlight that although commercial divers undergo screening, external pressures—such as demands from superiors—can compromise both diver safety and marine environment health.