Hydrogen energy and production: A review of advancements and challenges within the sustainable energy landscape

Abstract Hydrogen energy has emerged as a critical enabler of the global transition toward sustainable and low-carbon energy systems, offering a clean, versatile carrier for power, transport, and industrial decarbonization. This review provides a critical comparative synthesis of state-of-the-art hydrogen production methods, specifically correlating material and system innovations with their quantitative impact on achieving Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) parity, efficiency, and scalability. Traditional methods are summarized, with a particular emphasis placed on renewable-driven electrolysis as the most promising near-zero-emission pathway. Technological advancements in proton exchange membrane (PEM), solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC), and anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysers are examined, linking innovations in nanostructured catalysts and membranes to the fundamental technical trade-offs regarding PGM dependence, operational dynamics, and high-temperature durability required for cost reduction. The analysis synthesizes findings on hybrid production systems and identifies their critical role in mitigating renewable intermittency and improving cost-effectiveness. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in high production costs, material durability, and distribution infrastructure. The conclusion identifies critical research priorities for non-PGM catalyst development and SOEC material science to overcome intermittency and cost barriers, providing a targeted roadmap for large-scale, resilient deployment. Hydrogen’s success depends on sustained, targeted innovation and strategic global cooperation.