Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from Duck Meat: Implications for Public Health in Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract The demand for duck meat in Indonesia has increased, raising the risk that consumers may encounter antimicrobial-resistant bacteria along the retail chain. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 45 duck carcasses sold in traditional markets in Bogor, Indonesia. Microbial testing was conducted in accordance with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) procedures, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Salmonella spp. found in 13/45 samples (28.9%), and E. coli in 27/45 (60%). All Salmonella isolates were non-susceptible to ceftaroline and nitrofurantoin; resistance to doxycycline, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to ceftaroline, cefotaxime, and nitrofurantoin. Multidrug resistance, defined as non-susceptibility to ≥ 3 antimicrobial classes, occurred ini 10/13 Salmonella (76.9%) and 22/27 E. coli (81.8%). The results suggest that duck carcasses sold in traditional markets can act as reservoirs and vehicles for MDR foodborne pathogens, with significant implications for public health and animal health. Strengthening hygiene and sanitation at critical points in the supply chain, promoting prudent antibiotic use in production, and continuous AMR surveillance across the food chain are practical steps to reduce contamination and protect consumers.