Strategic for implementation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) utilization for sustainable agriculture

Abstract Intensifying sustainability demands in the palm oil sector have heightened attention to palm oil mill effluent (POME), a nutrient-rich by-product often underutilized. This study examines the strategic use of POME as an organic fertilizer for sustainable palm cultivation. Using a qualitative design (combining in-depth interviews), field observations, and document analysis, and a structured SWOT framework, we map strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to POME utilization. Findings indicate notable agronomic and environmental gains: improved soil fertility, enhanced crop performance, reduced dependence on synthetic fertilizers, and alignment with circular-economy principles. Constraints remain, including infrastructure gaps, variability in effluent quality, and site-specific environmental risks, underscoring the need for robust handling standards and regulatory support. We propose priorities in appropriate technologies, capacity building, enabling policies, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Theoretically, the study extends Resource-Based View and sustainability perspectives to industrial agricultural by-products, reframing POME as a strategic resource rather than a waste liability. Practically, it offers an evaluative model to guide managers and policymakers in integrating waste valorization into sustainable land-use decisions.