Recent developments in proton exchange fuel cell membranes —a review

Abstract Proton exchange membranes play a pivotal role in determining the feasibility of fuel cell operations for the generation of clean electric energy. This is because they ensure successful separations of the cathodic and anodic components of the fuel cell to sustain the electrochemical gradient needed for the continual movement of substances for efficient energy production. Furthermore, the efficiency of an ideal PEM is determined by its ability to facilitate smooth proton conductivity from the anodic side to the cathodic chamber, with minimal-to-zero permeability of the fuel. This is mostly achieved at high levels of humification; thus, PEMs are optimised to retain maximum moisture, without mechanical deformity arising from moisture-prompted swelling. In addition to these highlighted characteristics, present research seeks to produce PEMs with excellent stability against chemical, mechanical and thermal degradation. Lastly, it is the prime aim of the scientific community to probe the utilisation of less costly materials as suitable candidates for efficient PEMs.