Carbon sequestration and socioecological dynamics in páramo ecosystems: a systemic approach to environmental sustainability

Abstract Páramo ecosystems play a strategic role in carbon sequestration and storage, largely concentrated in soil organic carbon pools. However, land-use change associated with agricultural expansion, livestock grazing, afforestation with non-native species, and recurrent disturbances has substantially reduced this capacity across many páramo regions. To synthesize current knowledge and identify key gaps, we conducted a systematic review of 156 studies published over the last 15 years, of which 26 met the final inclusion criteria. The review analyzed dominant research themes, methodological approaches, spatial scales, and socioecological dimensions influencing carbon sequestration and storage in páramo ecosystems. The results reveal a strong concentration of studies on biophysical variables, particularly soil organic carbon stocks, while social, cultural, institutional, and governance aspects remain weakly integrated. Marked contrasts were identified across land-use and management contexts: agricultural and livestock practices, as well as fire-related disturbances associated with land-use change, are linked to soil organic carbon losses exceeding 60% relative to natural conditions. In contrast, passive restoration and long-term disturbance exclusion show potential for partial to substantial carbon recovery over decadal timescales. Beyond biophysical patterns, the synthesis highlights that carbon dynamics in páramos are mediated by socioecological processes, including land-use decision-making, governance arrangements, and community participation. Based on these findings, the review proposes an integrative conceptual framework that links carbon sequestration to ecosystem resilience, territorial governance, and sustainability objectives. This framework provides a basis for guiding future research, informing conservation strategies, and supporting place-sensitive public policies for the sustainable management of páramo ecosystems under ongoing socio-environmental change.