Fe 3 O 4 modified MOF/MOF derivative composite materials: preparation, modification, and applications in wastewater treatment applications

Abstract The rapid growth of the global population, industrialization, and climate change have intensified the challenges surrounding water resource security. Despite considerable progress in this area, there remains a gap in the literature regarding a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, modification, and application of Fe 3 O 4 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives in wastewater treatment. This paper addresses this gap by providing a thorough review of Fe 3 O 4 -based MOFs and their derivatives, focusing on various synthesis techniques such as solvothermal methods, as-grown methods, co-precipitation methods, and layer-by-layer self-assembly. Additionally, a series of surface functionalization strategies including metal ion doping, composite with carbon materials, metal oxide/sulfide composite, non-metallic composite, biopolymer composite, and layered double hydroxide have been explored to enhance the material properties and performance of these frameworks. The applications of Fe 3 O 4 MOFs and their derivatives in removing pollutants such as antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals and organic dyes from wastewater are also summarized, and future challenges and future developments are predicted. By presenting a detailed examination of these materials and their diverse applications, this paper not only fills a critical gap in the literature but also lays the groundwork for future research into their potential as advanced wastewater treatment agents, offering new pathways for more efficient, sustainable water purification technologies.