Optical properties of the cytoskeleton: a review of light–matter interactions, quantum effects, and biological implications

Abstract Traditionally viewed as a structural and motile framework, the cytoskeleton is now emerging as a platform for complex electromagnetic and optical interactions in the cell. In this review, we explore recent advances that position cytoskeletal filaments, particularly microtubules (MTs), not only as mechanical scaffolds but also as dynamic participants in light–matter interactions. We examine classical optical phenomena such as birefringence, dielectric anisotropy, and waveguiding, alongside growing experimental and theoretical evidence for quantum optical effects, including exciton transport, Fano resonances, and superradiance. These findings suggest that MTs may support coherent energy transfer and exhibit collective electromagnetic behavior under physiological conditions. By integrating perspectives from biophysics, quantum biology, and cellular optics, this review highlights the potential of cytoskeletal systems to mediate biological photonic processes and inspire novel applications in biomedical imaging, nanophotonics, and quantum biomaterials.