Comprehensive overview of phase change materials in electronics, building, and solar applications

Abstract Phase change materials (PCMs) are a viable way to improve energy efficiency and thermal control in a variety of sectors. With an emphasis on their function in thermal control, this review article offers an in-depth review of PCM applications in electronics, buildings and solar energy systems. PCMs are used in electronics to control device temperatures, which lowers the risk of overheating and increases operational efficiency by 10% to 25%. Through latent heat storage and release in reaction to temperature changes, PCMs are incorporated into walls, floors, and roofs in building applications to improve thermal comfort and cut energy use by 15% to 30%. By storing thermal energy for steady power generation, PCMs increase the dependability and efficiency of solar energy systems by 8%–20%. This review examines the basic ideas behind PCMs, assesses various PCM (such as organic, inorganic, and eutectic PCMs), and details about real-world applications in these energy management fields. Important issues are examined, such as material compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and long-term stability. In order to maximize performance in these crucial applications, the conclusion emphasizes the need for improvements in cost-effective PCM formulations for the improved thermal conductivity (0.2–0.7 W m −1 ·K −1 ), and adaptive control systems.