Energy management of multi-microgrid systems using a Spotted Hyena Optimization framework under uncertain conditions

Abstract Multi-Microgrid (MMG) system allows to coordinate the work of many interconnected microgrids in order to decrease the costs of operation, reduce carbon emissions, improve the reliability, and facilitate integration of renewable energy. This paper provides an Energy Management System (EMS) architecture of an MMG that consist of three interconnected microgrids with connection to a main grid. The model takes uncertainties of weather conditions, load fluctuations as well as market price fluctuations to compensate the daily imbalance between distributed energy resource (DER) output and load demand. The EMS aims at optimizing the Cost of Energy Generation (CEG) and the Energy Deficit Probability (EDP) by using day-ahead scheduling and load control. In this regard, a new Spotted Hyena Optimization (SHO) algorithm is suggested, which can provide strong capabilities to manage differences in renewable generation and load profiles. The developed option brings considerable improvements, such as carbon emissions are reduced by 20 percent, and operational expenses are lower by 5 percent, thus overall making the MMG system more sustainable and efficient. The offered approach is validated with the help of a modified 33-bus test system with the help of three case studies in a MATLAB environment in relation to both the circumstances when the load is managed and when it is not. According to the simulation results, the performance of the SHO algorithm is the best, and the optimal solution of the current problem is 0.1567 $ kWh −1 in CEG and a EDP of 0.155 percentage. The SHO is more cost saving as compared to the current algorithms like the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with potential saving of up to 0.145 $ kWh −1 of CEG. The findings prove that the suggested SHO-based EMS has better cost-efficiency, less energy usage, and enhanced utilization of DERs, as well as moves toward the zero-emission energy systems.