Hydrogen transportation system and its engineering analysis: a technical review

Abstract Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the Universe. Because of its high specific energy and water as the primary emission, hydrogen is widely regarded as a promising solution for clean and renewable energy applications. Prior reviews rarely integrate production, storage, powertrains, and up-to-date applications across aviation, marine, and ground transport in a single framework. To address this issue, we conducted a structured review of the application of hydrogen power in transportation systems, including aviation, maritime, and ground transportation. In this work, hydrogen-based systems are compared with other renewable energy technologies, such as battery electric and other fuel systems, to examine their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges and technical limitations of hydrogen production and storage are also discussed. Finally, a potential research roadmap for future architectures is proposed. Overall, hydrogen energy is a promising renewable energy solution for transportation systems.