Adaptive fuzzy PID based control for voltage regulation in a DC microgrid with performance comparison against FPID controller

Abstract DC microgrids integrating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind require robust control strategies to ensure stable voltage regulation under varying operating conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy PID (AFPID) controller for voltage regulation in a solar-based DC microgrid and compares its performance with a conventional Fuzzy PID (FPID) controller. The proposed control strategy is implemented in the DC–DC converter interfaced with a photovoltaic system operating under maximum power point tracking. The effectiveness of the AFPID controller is evaluated based on key dynamic performance indices including settling time, steady-state error, overshoot, and oscillation magnitude. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the AFPID controller significantly improves system performance. Specifically, the settling time is reduced from 3.0 s (FPID) to 1.5 s (AFPID), representing a 50% improvement. The steady-state error decreases from 0.015 to 0.008, while the overshoot is reduced from 4.5% to 1.8%. These results confirm enhanced transient response and improved voltage stability.