APRIL: auxiliary physically-redundant information in loss—a physics-informed framework for parameter estimation with a gravitational-wave case study

Abstract Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) embed the partial differential equations governing the system under study directly into the training of neural networks, ensuring solutions that respect physical laws. While effective for single-system problems, standard PINNs scale poorly to datasets containing many realizations of the same underlying physics with varying parameters. To address this limitation, we present a complementary approach by including auxiliary physically-redundant information in loss (APRIL), i.e. augment the standard supervised output-target loss with auxiliary terms which exploit exact physical redundancy relations among outputs. We mathematically demonstrate that these terms preserve the true physical minimum while reshaping the loss landscape, improving convergence toward physically consistent solutions. As a proof-of-concept, we benchmark APRIL on a fully-connected neural network for gravitational wave (GW) parameter estimation. We use simulated, noise-free compact binary coalescence signals, focusing on inspiral-frequency waveforms to recover the chirp mass M , the total mass M tot , and symmetric mass ratio η of the binary. In this controlled setting, we show that APRIL achieves up to an order-of-magnitude improvement in test accuracy, especially for parameters that are otherwise difficult to learn. This method provides a physically consistent training approach for more realistic GW analysis applications.