Abbreviations and Conventions

Fellow in History Associate Professor When quoting the Bible I have drawn on the Latin Vulgate and the Douai-Rheims translation (modernized as necessary). I cite all council acts and canons in the form IV Toledo (633) 4, followed by the details of the edition used. Anglo-Saxon charters are identified by their ‘Sawyer’ number, as well as by the edition used. Unfortunately, I only have space to cite the original for Latin texts; references to the minority of texts in other languages (e.g. Greek, Old Irish, Old English) are to translations only.