Introduction

Abstract This introductory chapter examines the Liberal International Order (LIO), its evolution since the Second World War, and its present state of deep contestation driven by both internal and external challenges. It explains the distinction between normal contestation, which permits gradual adaptation, and deep contestation, which rejects foundational norms and threatens systemic stability. The chapter emphasises the core challenges undermining the LIO—assaults on equality, democracy, free trade, and truth—while identifying intrusiveness, inequality, and incapacity as critical drivers of the current crisis. It reviews the potential outcomes of deep contestation, noting that it may either weaken or transform the order, depending on whether inclusive participation produces legitimate reform or exclusion fosters disorder. Finally, the chapter outlines the volume’s structure, with contributions addressing conceptual and empirical perspectives on deep contestation, the resilience of the LIO, and possible pathways for its future.