Making Invisible Illnesses Visible: Recognizing and Responding to Infection-Associated Chronic Conditions

The emergence of post-COVID conditions (PCCs) has renewed attention to infection-associated chronic conditions and illnesses (IACCIs), including myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and Lyme disease-associated chronic symptoms. Millions of Americans are affected by these debilitating, misunderstood conditions, which share symptom profiles and pathophysiologic abnormalities. IACCIs have received insufficient clinical attention and research investment. We outline elements of a patient-centered approach to care, emphasizing validation of patients' experiences, multidisciplinary management, and symptom-focused treatment. Opportunities to strengthen clinical practice include a new Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) code for chronic condition management, extended visits, and creation of welcoming care environments. Advances in PCC and ME/CFS research provide a foundation for exploring shared mechanisms and developing targeted therapies. Improved surveillance, harmonized research, and inclusive trial designs are needed to define disease burden and accelerate therapeutic progress. Coordinated action by clinicians, researchers, and policymakers can help address longstanding gaps and improve outcomes for all individuals with IACCIs.