Analysis of the proliferation-inhibiting active components against periodontal pathogenic bacteria contained in fig leaf extract

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which plays a pivotal role in disease progression and biofilm formation. Conventional oral hygiene products often contain strong disinfectants, which can be unsuitable for children and older adults. Thus, identifying natural, low-irritant antibacterial agents is essential for safe and effective prevention. This study investigated fig (Ficus carica) leaves, an underutilized food biomass, as a source of antibacterial compounds. Ethanol extracts were fractionated using five solvents, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent growth inhibition against P. gingivalis, but not against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. TLC and HPLC analyses revealed the presence of psoralen, bergapten, and several unidentified compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction was rich in polyphenols. Although individual HPLC-separated fractions showed limited activity, mixtures retained antibacterial effects, suggesting synergistic or additive interactions. The fraction also inhibited hyper-virulent P. gingivalis W83, Prevotella intermedia, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but not Escherichia coli, indicating selective antibacterial activity. Known fig leaf compounds were not the main contributors to the observed effects. These findings suggest that fig leaf ethyl acetate extract may be a promising natural antibacterial agent for oral hygiene products, particularly targeting P. gingivalis, and may help prevent periodontal and related systemic diseases.