Mapping factors influencing the success of group activities for persons with dementia through the comprehensive process model of group engagement

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Engagement with appropriate activities is crucial for the well-being of persons living with dementia. This analysis used data from a study of activities to map the components of the Comprehensive Process Model of Group Engagement as the organizing theoretical framework. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study included 6 nursing-care units and 4 senior day center units for persons living with dementia in Israel. The persons living with dementia participated in group activities using enhanced group activity kits while their participation and well-being were assessed by both research observers and facility staff who led the activities. Inductive content analysis was used to: (a) map the theoretical model, and (b) clarify factors affecting the quality of group activities. RESULTS: Themes that emerged from the content analysis were organized around the model, including attributes of (a) the stimulus: topic, materials, and activity leader, (b) participants: cognitive and related function, language barriers, physical, and behavioral, emotional, and related conditions, and treatment side-effects, and (c) environment: physical and systemic barriers. In addition, interactions among stimulus, participant, and environment are reported. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The analysis demonstrated the complexity of the factors affecting the quality, appropriateness, and limitations of group activities. The sub-themes can be used to evaluate activities' appropriateness for persons living with dementia and the adequacy of the environment in which activities are held. In addition to an organizing framework to examine activities and their utility in depth, the Comprehensive Process Model of Group Engagement provides a structure for planning new activities, conducting quality assessment and improving activities.