Replication of 10 novel loci involved in human plasma protein N-glycosylation using MALDI-MS and UHPLC-FD data

N-glycans are essential components of glycoproteins, influencing their properties and functions. While biochemical pathways of glycosylation are well-characterized, their genetic regulation remains poorly understood. This study utilizes matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FD) to strengthen replication and further characterize previously identified genome-wide association signals for the total human plasma N-glycome (TPNG). Univariate and multivariate genetic association meta-analyses involved 3385 samples across 143 N-glycome traits from the Hoorn Diabetes Care System and DiaGene cohorts as well as 3224 samples across 117 N-glycome traits from TwinsUK, CEDAR, QMDiab and SABRE cohorts. We successfully replicated ten previously identified but not replicated glycosylation quantitative trait loci (glyQTLs) and prioritized five high-confidence putative causal genes, including the glycosyltransferase MGAT4B and inflammation-related genes - C3 and FCGR2B. The linkage-specific sialic acid derivatization in MALDI-MS enabled delineation of genetic effects on α2,3- and α2,6-sialylation. Mass spectrometry analysis, triggered and guided by association to a locus containing B3GAT1 glucuronosyltransferase, provided evidence for hexuronic acid-containing glycans in human blood plasma. These findings advance our understanding of the genetic regulation of protein N-glycosylation and highlight the complementarity of different analytical approaches in glycomics research.