Role of extracellular vesicles in fertility preservation before gonadotoxic exposures to the ovaries and testes

Fertility preservation remains a significant concern for individuals undergoing gonadotoxic treatments. While traditional fertility preservation techniques are well-established, these methods can be time-consuming and limited by various medical or logistical barriers. In recent years, the potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as a promising, paradigm-shifting approach in fertility preservation. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the protective and regenerative properties of EVs in chemotherapy-induced ovarian and testicular damage in animal models. EVs provide a cell-free therapy that can potentially preserve ovarian function in females and spermatogenesis in males without the need for surgery or delay in cancer treatment. Additionally, using MSC-derived EVs offers advantages over traditional stem cell therapies, such as a reduced risk of immune rejection, targeted treatment, and avoidance of safety concerns associated with stem cell-based therapies. Future directions include enhancing the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs through genetic engineering or cell priming techniques to target specific tissues and further optimize their utilization in fertility preservation. Given the potential of MSC-derived EVs to protect fertility in both females and males, this approach could revolutionize treatment in oncofertility. Further research, including clinical trials, is necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of MSC-derived EVs, focusing on premature ovarian insufficiency. Looking ahead, MSC-derived EVs could revolutionize fertility preservation, offering hope for cancer patients and individuals exposed to various environmental risks affecting reproduction, including in space exploration, where protection from cosmic radiation is essential.