Comprehensive 4E assessment of grid-connected photovoltaic systems: enhancing performance, sustainability, and economic viability

Abstract This study conducts a 4E (energy, exergy, economic, and environmental) analysis of a 10 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic system in two Algerian locations: Bordj Bou Arreridj and El Taref. Results show higher annual output and economic return in Bordj Bou Arreridj (7.29 MWh, $284.61/year savings, NPV $1638.9) compared to El Taref (6.01 MWh, $234.52/year, NPV $637.1). Exergy sustainability indices exceeded 1, confirming long-term viability. Levelized cost of electricity was lower in Bordj Bou Arreridj ($0.015/kWh). Bordj Bou Arreridj also mitigated more CO₂ (3.8 tons/year). Findings highlight location-specific performance variations and provide insights into optimizing PV deployment in diverse climates.