Developmental interconnections in SCD: a bio-psycho-social model of health from childhood to young adulthood

Abstract Objectives SCD is a rare, inherited blood disorder causing acute and chronic complications that affect physical, psychological, and social well-being. This study examines SCD patient characteristics using a biopsychosocial model integrating biological, quality-of-life (QoL), and social factors across life stages. Methods This observational study, conducted between November 2022 and July 2024 at a tertiary care hospital in Northern Italy, included patients aged 4-25 years with confirmed SCD. Participants underwent cognitive and QoL assessments; genotype, hospital visits, treatments, and socio-demographic data were collected. Wechsler scales assessed intellectual abilities; PROMIS questionnaires measured QoL. Analyses were performed with SPSS. Results Eighty-nine patients were enrolled. Profiles showed age-related clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial variations. Around 45% reported anxiety and depression, and 50% experienced social isolation and pain interference. Adolescents and young adults (12-25 years) exhibited higher psychological vulnerability—depression, pain interference, and fatigue—than younger groups (P