The epiphytic bryophyte diversity across urban land-use type in Southern Jakarta

Abstract Terrestrial bryophytes are a group of plants that show a significant vulnerability to urban environmental stressors, including high temperatures, low humidity, and poor air quality. Their simple structure makes their water content strongly dependent on surrounding relative humidity. Southern Jakarta contains diverse land-use types and experiences persistently poor air quality throughout the year. This study aimed to analyse the environmental factors influencing the diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in the southern urban area of South Jakarta. Sampling was conducted at five locations representing four land-use types: an urban park (Ragunan Zoo), an urban forest (Universitas Indonesia Urban Forest), Roadside Green Space I near residential and commercial zones, Roadside Green Space II near an industrial zone, and Settlement and Housing areas. Bryophytes were recorded using purposive sampling within 100 m2 plots at each site. A total of 16 epiphytic bryophyte species were recorded, consisting of six mosses and 10 liverworts. The urban forest demonstrated the greatest species diversity and the highest Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP). At the same time, Roadside Green Space II exhibited the lowest values. No epiphytic bryophytes were identified in Roadside Green Space I. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that the distribution of epiphytic mosses was mostly influenced by temperature, PM2.5 concentration, and bark pH. In contrast, liverwort distribution was influenced by relative humidity, temperature, and bark pH. Among the moss species, Octoblepharum albidum was associated with higher temperatures, while Calymperes tenerum showed a significant association with increased PM2.5 levels.