Quantitative light element profiling in plant tissues with monochromatic X-ray fluorescence analysis: a new frontier for abiotic stress studies

Determining elemental concentrations in plant tissues is essential for physiological studies on abiotic stress. However, high-throughput routine analysis of light elements, ranging from sodium to calcium, in plants is challenging due to the need for complete sample dissolution and expensive and time-consuming inductively coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS). Ion chromatography and ion-selective electrodes are low-cost methods but suffer from major drawbacks, including limited throughput and time-consuming sample preparation. We report a new methodology for quantitative analysis of light elements in plants using monochromatic X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) analysis. We quantitatively assessed sodium and potassium uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Lactuca sativa in salinity treatments. MXRF provides reliable results from samples as small as 1 mg, making it suitable for analysis of seedlings. This is enabled by the high sensitivity of the system and optimized sample preparation that ensure sufficient signal even at low sample masses. We tested the accuracy and precision of the technique for other light elements to demonstrate its broad applicability. The results show that the method delivers rapid, non-destructive, and extraction-free light element analysis on small samples, highly correlating with ICP-MS. MXRF provides accurate measurements and reproducible results for studying salinity tolerance ideally suited for investigating elemental composition during early plant development, offering new possibilities for research into early responses to stimuli.