Restrictive housing and disciplinary infractions

Abstract Misbehavior within correctional settings is generally handled by a formal disciplinary process that may result in placement in restrictive housing units (RHUs). Violent misbehavior or consistent patterns of serious infractions may result in a classification placement into an RHU; such classifications may not be subject to the formal disciplinary process. RHUs function as the jail within a correctional system. Designed for the dangerous and violent individual who cannot be managed safely within the general carceral environment, RHUs are characterized by single-cell confinement, with minimum time out of cell for showers and exercise (e.g., five hours per week). Other features include highly restricted movement, limited contact with others, and few privileges and services. RHUs have been criticized as an inhumane practice due to the lack of treatment, programs, and activities to engage the mind; restricted personal contact; lack of control over light and sound; lack of windows; and little or no access to the outdoors. These conditions are considered more extreme than is required for the safe operation of correctional facilities. The most significant issue is whether incarcerated persons can psychologically adapt to the austere conditions for long periods, particularly those with serious mental illness. Because incarcerated persons with serious mental illness may be more prone to rule infractions due to their symptoms and behavioral impairment, they are more likely to be segregated unless specific rules prohibit their placement. This chapter reviews RHU practices, the potential impact of RHUs on mental illness, and the role of psychiatry in the disciplinary process.