Thyroid and parathyroid

Abstract Surgical conditions of the thyroid and parathyroid in children are rare overall, but they represent an interesting and challenging group of conditions with which the paediatric surgeon needs to be familiar. Optimal management requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach with paediatric endocrinologists and adult endocrine surgeons, with concentration of cases in specialist centres. This chapter outlines the most frequently encountered conditions such as thyroglossal cyst, lingual thyroid, and hyperthyroidism.