Fluids and electrolytes

Abstract This chapter reviews the principles and practical use of oral and parenteral fluid and electrolyte therapy in Emergency Medicine. It begins by outlining the composition, indications, and cautions for oral rehydration solutions, crystalloids, and colloids; this discussion includes potassium supplementation and bicarbonate therapy. The chapter then addresses daily maintenance requirements, safe correction of electrolyte imbalances, and the management of hypovolaemia and shock. It goes on to discuss the role of vitamin B supplementation, particularly with regards to thiamine in alcohol-related presentations. All of the information maps to the RCEM Basic Sciences syllabus, making it relevant to Emergency Medicine practice and the examination.