HIV

Abstract This chapter provides the reader with a summary of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical stages, diagnosis, and management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Transmission routes and risk factors are outlined, followed by an explanation of the virus’s effects on CD4 T cells and the resulting immune dysfunction. The stages from seroconversion to AIDS are described, with emphasis on opportunistic infections and AIDS-defining illnesses. Diagnostic approaches include PCR, ELISA, and CD4 counts, while management focuses on combination antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. All of the information maps to the RCEM Basic Sciences syllabus, making it relevant to Emergency Medicine practice and the examination.