Basic evoked potentials

Abstract This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the three principal modalities of sensory evoked potential testing – visual, auditory and somatosensory. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), including pattern-reversal and flash VEPs, are discussed in accordance with International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards, along with related tests such as the electroretinogram and electrooculography. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials are detailed alongside electrocochleography, with emphasis on cochlear and brainstem pathway assessment. Somatosensory evoked potentials of the upper and lower limbs are explored, covering sensory, motor and mixed nerve stimulation. The chapter reviews the underlying neuroanatomical pathways, their maturation with age and specific considerations in paediatric populations. Standard procedural protocols, technical challenges and solutions are addressed, including electrode montages, data acquisition and structured reporting. Typical findings are interpreted with the aid of case examples and established normative values. This chapter serves as a practical reference for clinicians and trainees in neurophysiology, aiming to standardise technique and enhance diagnostic accuracy.