Advanced adjunct techniques

Abstract This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the emerging and rapidly growing areas of clinical neurophysiology in diagnostics (e.g. magnetoencephalography and cognitive neurophysiology) and, even more so, in therapeutics. Several main areas of interventional neurophysiology are outlined, including peripheral non-invasive and minimally invasive neuromodulation (including transcutaneous and percutaneous stimulation), central non-invasive brain neuromodulation (including transcranial magnetic, electrical and focused ultrasound stimulation), invasive (implantable and closed-loop) neuromodulation (including vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation) and neurofeedback. Clinical applications (including FDA approval) are covered for the various techniques. Future direction of neurophysiology, particularly multi-modal testing, are addressed at the end of the chapter.