MERGE-RNA: a physics-based model to predict RNA secondary structure ensembles with chemical probing

RNA function is tied to secondary structure, operating through dynamic and heterogeneous structural ensembles. While current analysis tools typically output single static structures or averaged contact maps, chemical probing methods like DMS capture nucleotide-resolution signals representing the full structural ensemble, which remain difficult to interpret structurally. To address this, we present MERGE-RNA, a framework that describes and outputs RNA as a structural ensemble. By modeling the physics of the experimental pipeline, MERGE-RNA learns a small set of transferable and interpretable parameters, enabling the integration of measurements across different molecules, probe concentrations, and replicates in a single optimization to improve robustness. Our model employs a maximum-entropy principle to predict thermodynamic populations, with the minimal adjustments necessary to align the ensemble with experimental data. We validate MERGE-RNA on diverse RNAs, showing that it achieves structural accuracy surpassing standard pseudo-free-energy methods and yields ensembles better recapitulating measured DMS reactivity. Applied to the Vibrio vulnificus adenine riboswitch, MERGE-RNA recovers the NMR-resolved conformations and their ligand-induced rearrangement, with population shifts matching the NMR-derived $K_d$. In a designed RNA construct for which we report new DMS data, MERGE-RNA deconvolves mixed states to reveal transient intermediate populations involved in strand displacement, dynamics invisible to methods based on enumerating a small number of structures.