Life Cells for future energy systems: adaptation, evolution and exploration
Abstract
Current battery technologies are essential for energy systems but are hindered by limitations such as low energy density, limited functionality, environmental hazards, and safety concerns, restricting their ability to meet growing global energy demands. In contrast, biological systems have evolved highly efficient, adaptive, and sustainable energy management strategies over billions of years. This review introduces 'Life Cells' (LCs), bio-inspired batteries designed to replicate these biological principles, enabling autonomous energy acquisition, conversion, storage, and utilization. We examine their core mechanisms, biomimetic materials, and system architectures. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges, strategies, and future opportunities for advancing LC technology and its potential applications in next-generation sustainable energy solutions.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation
Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies
Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability
Publication details
- Journal / source
- National Science Review
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- nwag065–nwag065
- Publication date
- 5 February 2026
- Language
- EN