The Central and Eastern European Space Sector in the Wider European Space Ecosystem

Abstract The Central and Eastern European (CEE) region, once constrained by the Iron Curtain during the early days of space exploration, experienced a distinct evolution shaped by Soviet influence and strong national initiatives. Following the end of the Cold War, CEE countries entered a new phase of collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA). This chapter traces the journey from Soviet-era space programs to ESA membership, shedding light on the unique challenges faced by each nation in the region. In the 21st century, the CEE space sector has flourished, blending entrepreneurial ambition with established European space brands. The rise of the “New Space” market saw CEE companies become prominent players, driving innovation and fostering a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem. The chapter concludes by examining emerging trends and initiatives, the key role of ESA, and the growth of “New Space” startups.