Media and social media in Belgium

Abstract This chapter explores media and social media dynamics in Belgium, focusing on interactions among citizens, political actors, and journalists. It examines how these relationships have evolved within Belgium’s unique political and linguistic context. Historically, Belgium’s media landscape was marked by pillarization, with media outlets tied to specific political and ideological groups. However, in recent decades, there has been a shift toward greater interdependence, where media logic increasingly guides political behaviour, signalling rising mediatization. The chapter traces the transformation from a segmented to a more interconnected media environment, analysing how interactions among citizens, political actors, and journalists have developed over time. It underscores the central role of media strategies in political communication and campaign tactics today. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges posed by digital technologies, while also highlighting that, if each actor takes responsibility, these innovations offer valuable opportunities to strengthen, rather than erode, the quality of Belgian democracy.