What is emergence, after all?
Abstract
is increasingly used across scientific disciplines to describe phenomena that arise from interactions among a system's components but cannot be readily inferred by examining those components in isolation. While often invoked to explain higher-level behaviors-such as flocking, synchronization, or collective intelligence-the term is frequently used without precision, sometimes giving rise to ambiguity or even mystique. In this perspective paper, I clarify the scientific meaning of emergence as a measurable and physically grounded phenomenon. Through concrete examples-such as temperature, magnetism, and herd immunity in social networks-I review how collective behavior can arise from local interactions that are constrained by global boundaries. By refining the concept of emergence, it is possible to gain a clearer and more grounded understanding of complex systems. My goal is to show that emergence, when properly framed, offers not mysticism, but rather insight.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Publication details
- Journal / source
- PNAS Nexus
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- pgag010–pgag010
- Publication date
- 19 January 2026
- Language
- EN