Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, web-based counseling, and online/digital psychoeducation for male sexual dysfunction: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Male sexual dysfunctionhas a substantial impact on psychological well-being and intimate partner relationships. The expanding availability of digital health services has enabled online interventions, such as internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT), digital psychoeducation, and web-based counseling, to emerge as alternatives to conventional therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of digital and online interventions for male sexual dysfunction, and to synthesize evidence from randomized, non-randomized, and observational studies on clinical outcomes and patterns of digital engagement. METHODS: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across several databases using predefined keywords. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, experimental studies, and analytical observational studies published between 2007 and 2024. Extracted data comprised country, participant characteristics, type and duration of intervention, control conditions, outcome measures, and main findings. The primary outcome was improvement in erectile/sexual function using certain parameters, while secondary outcomes included relationship satisfaction, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS: Of 2482 records identified, and 21 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, web-based ICBT and psychoeducational interventions improved erectile function and sexual satisfaction compared with control conditions. Most interventions lasted 6-12 weeks and incorporated therapist feedback or automated systems. Remission rates for erectile dysfunction ranged from 20% to 30%; however, participant adherence was low (