Engineering the Citrus Phyllosphere Microbiome for Enhanced Disease Resistance to Bacterial Canker

Engineering phyllosphere microbiomes toward plant protection against pathogens on crops has shown promising effects. Here, we tested the effect of application of beneficial bacteria individually and as a synthetic community (SynCom) on the phyllosphere microbiome and management of bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ( Xcc). Foliar spray of a SynCom consisting of three citrus endophytic bacterial strains ( Paenibacillus sp. ATY16, Bacillus megaterium PT6, and Bacillus subtilis PT26A; SynCom1) with mechanistically complemented plant-beneficial properties exerted a more profound effect on the leaf microbiota and suppression of citrus canker than single strains. Cultivation-dependent and bacterial 16S rRNA gene-sequence profiling analyses revealed that leaf endophytic Bradyrhizobium, Brevibacillus, Cellvibrio, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas were significantly enriched in the SynCom-treated plants, in addition to Bacillus and Paenibacillus. The enriched Brevibacillus and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated, whole-genome sequenced, and confirmed to possess multiple beneficial traits, including antimicrobial activity against Xcc. Moreover, the expression of citrus defense genes was induced by the SynCom1 inoculation. Foliar application of SynCom1 and a newly assembled SynCom (SynCom2; SynCom1 with representative Brevibacillus and Pseudomonas isolates) prior to Xcc inoculation significantly reduced the citrus canker disease severity in greenhouse assays, and SynCom2 had a better efficacy, comparable to a copper bactericide. Three-year field tests showed that both SynCom1 and SynCom2 effectively controlled citrus canker, with a 50% reduction of foliar and fruit canker incidence. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights and valuable clues for microbiome engineering to serve as a sustainable strategy for the control of phyllosphere pathogens on crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .