Exosomes: From Non‐Invasive Detection to Engineered Targeted Therapy

Exosomes are naturally occurring nanovesicles present in a variety of bodily fluids that facilitate the transport of proteins and nucleic acids. Characterized by their low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility, exosomes can efficiently navigate through biological barriers. This review summarizes the applications of exosomes in disease diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing their roles as biomarkers for non-invasive detection, as well as engineered vehicles for drug delivery and vaccine development. Additionally, this review also discusses recent technological advancements in exosome engineering, including genetic modification techniques and chemical modifications aimed at optimizing targeted delivery systems and enhancing immunomodulation strategies. Notably, it highlights the significant potential of exosomes to transform non-invasive diagnostics while promoting the development of sophisticated therapeutic carriers.